Note

To refer one thing to another separate thing does not require a cue of direct physical similarity - dropping an image from one text into the other text. Or a structural cue - substituting one text's images into the form of the other text. Or a lyrical cue - injecting the sound or rhythm of the first text into the new one.

How to refer? Inclusion should be enough. If I put these two things together, there is a relationship between them.

There needn't be an outline.

[paraphrase]
Say you write a song about a cow. Cows make you think of bulls. Bulls don't like the color red [nb: bulls cannot see color]. Red makes you think of light. So you name the song Chandelier.
[/paraphrase] (Ohh, Billy Corgan)

Causal theory of proper names. What are qualities of the links? The links from the naming are people. Not people themselves, people's use of the name. The act of referring with the name.

The text can refer in whatever way it can refer. The text cannot refer in whatever way it cannot refer.
Egad, this sounds familiar!